However this result did not exactly provide sufficient statistical evidence to prove and validate this result but Marino [21] showed that the incidence of phlebitis increases significantly after peripheral vein catheters are left in place longer than 72 hours, but the incidence does not change from 72 to 96 hours. In contrast to the animal studies mentioned above, McKee and colleagues (McKee et al., 2005) described the functional characteristics of the BBB in patients with TBI by using MgSO4 infusions initiated at an average of 5 days after injury. Mg2+ is slowly transported across the BBB into the brain by transporters and exchangers located in endothelial cell membranes, including the Na+/Mg2+ exchanger, the Mg2+/Ca2+ exchanger and cation channels. A study conducted by Cicoloni33 also found first degree thrombophlebitis to be the highest (84.4%). Magnesium administration significantly attenuates the hypoxia-induced increase in reactive oxygen species and contributes to the repair of the disrupted BBB in hypoxia/ischemia (Ravishankar et al., 2001; Goi-de-Cerio et al., 2009). Thus for the subjects who receive glycerin magnesium sulphate, the medication was in constant contact with the affected area till the next application. Two major types of brain edema, termed cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, were described by Klatzo in the late 1960s, and later two more types were added to the classification (Klatzo, 1967; Marmarou, 2004; Nag et al., 2009). The incidence of phlebitis in hospitalized patients receiving IV therapy has been reported to be as high as 80% [2]. Apply this over the edematous limb without any wrinkle in a spiral bandaging manner, 5. Results: Result showed that Glycerine Magnesium Sulphate paste was more effective than Heparinoid (Thrombophob) Ointment application based on the observation at 24 hours (p< 0.0001). Maximum 78% of participants were married from both MSG and HPA group. Similarly, medium stage or moderate phlebitis was observed in 28 (56%) of the participants as scored by 3 among both groups out of them 44% and 68% in MSG and HPA groups respectively. =DBe a good critic and correct us if something went wrong :|Go ahead. Gauze dressings dry out early and needs change 2-3 times in a day. Role of brain [Mg2+]i in alcohol-induced hemorrhagic stroke in a rat model: a 31P-NMR in vivo study. Ageing, hippocampal synaptic activity and magnesium. Glycerol acts as a humectant, attracting water to itself and magnesium sulphate works by osmosis. Romani AM, Scarpa A. Regulation of cellular magnesium. In glycerine magnesium sulphate group after the initial assessment a dressing with glycerine magnesium sulphate paste soaked on a sterile gauze pad was applied over the site Esen F, Erdem T, Aktan D, Orhan M, Kaya M, Eraksoy H, Cakar N, Telci L. Effect of magnesium sulfate administration on blood-brain barrier in a rat model of intraperitoneal sepsis: A randomized controlled experimental study. The average score has been reduced on post r score in both groups score. The impairment of BBB integrity during sepsis has been shown in several studies, and magnesium administration in the early stages of sepsis reduced BBB permeability and brain edema (Papadopoulos et al., 2005; Esen et al., 2005). Meanwhile, in a double- blinded trial conducted to check the validity of animal data in humans, and to explore whether magnesium infusion initiated within 8 hours of major head injury and continued for 5 days would decrease mortality and improve the functional outcome in head-injured patients, it was reported that there was no clinical suggestion of a beneficial effect of the magnesium regimen in these patients (Temkin et al., 2007). She was managed conservatively with analgesics, limb elevation, and glycerin magnesium sulfate dressing. The Mean reduction rates in phlebitis at the baseline reading, at 24 hours and at 48 hours is 2.95, 2.67 and 1.78 in the control group and 3.07, 1.51 and 0.55 in . (:PS: We have moderated comments to reduce spam. Edema in foot and ankle. [. Saatman KE, Bareyre FM, Grady MS, McIntosh TK. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranked test, Mann Whitney U test and Friedman test were used to compare between two groups. Soak it completely so that no part of gauze is dry 4. Magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing was used by using soaked gauze pieces. Extracellular Mg2+ concentration has been shown to significantly decrease to approximately 60% of basal values in the ipsilateral cortex in hypoxia-ischemia (Lee et al., 2002). Increase in the size of the stomach area. U.S. FDA Resources. Association between cannula related factors and severity of phlebitis (n = 50). 1) To study and establish the role of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin dressing in cases of cellulitis in Diabetics. The other types of edema are interstitial edema, which is observed in patients with hydrocephalus, and osmotic edema caused by imbalances of osmotically active substances, promoting water influx into cells. On the other hand, magnesium supplementation can play multiple roles in protecting BBB integrity and improving brain edema. Conclusions: In this study, author have observed patients treated with Glycerin & Magnesium Sulfate dressing responded better than normal saline dressing. Table 5 depicts reduction in mean, standard deviation and rank score from pre-score to post-score. Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin dressing and Heparinoid ointment application are found to be used widely for the management of phlebitis. Out among 50 admitted patients with cannula induced phlebitis. postpone premature birth. Ionized magnesium (Mg2+) is a crucial cofactor that plays an essential role within the cell and regulates a variety of biochemical reactions. During normal physiological processes, Mg2+ works as a voltage dependent antagonist and a noncompetitive inhibitor of the N-methyl-D- aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors and ion channels in the brain. Magnesium sulfate is a laxative and soaking solution. Correale J, Villa A. The discussions are depicted on broad headings of: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents. Glycerine soothes the irritated skin so it is used as a component of cough mixtures. Analysis of the brain bioavailability of peripherally administered magnesium sulfate: a study in humans with acute brain injury undergoing prolonged induced hypermagnesemia. Significantly decreased extracellular magnesium in brains of gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia. 1. In pathological conditions with BBB impairment, Mg2+ passes into the extracellular compartment of the brain in significantly higher concentrations and plays an important role in the pathophysiological processes that follow BBB disruption. Edema and brain trauma. A Quasi-experimental design was used for the study. Royo NC, Shimizu S, Schouten JW, Stover JF, McIntosh TK. **Multiple Response, Fishers Exact Test*. Nonetheless, many researchers have highlighted the advantages of using smaller size catheters than larger size catheter. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. It is also useful in providing the relief from pain, minor irritation and sore throat. (M), magnesium sulfate dressing was done by dipping the gauze in the magnesium sulfate glycerine solution and applying it on phlebitis area. It plays a fundamental role in a wide range of cellular events, biochemical reactions and physiological functions, by activating over 325 enzyme systems, including those involved in ATP synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, K+ and Ca2+ transport, cell proliferation and membrane stability and function (Grubbs and Maguire, 1987; Saris et al., 2000; Wolf and Trapani, 2008; Barbagallo and Dominguez, 2010). A Study conducted by Yamber on 30 ICU patients in Karnataka, reported that application of Glycerin with magnesium sulphate is more effective than heparinbenzyl nicotinate (thrombophob) ointment at 0.05 level of significant (t = 2.301) on management of cannula induced thrombophlebitis [13]. Part I: It consists of socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. primary physiological response to trauma, thus minimizing the barrier to wound healing an facilitates tissue repair. The reasons for such differences are hard to explain and have no satisfactory explanation for such findings [16]. To find out the association between magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing and heparinoid ointment application on management of phlebitis with selected socio-demographic variables. Molecular biology of the blood- brain-barrier. Thus it was concluded that both the applications were effective in reducing level of phlebitis. Similarly, a study on Hospital of Vadodara to evaluate the effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin dressing on Phlebitis among patients undergoing Peripheral Intravenous Infusion by Ravindra [25] revealed that magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing was highly effective to decrease phlebitis level to the patients. Epsom salt is also known as magnesium sulfate. Glycerine is a sweet clear viscous liquid with dehydrating property. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. You are a brilliant mind. Low extracellular magnesium ions induce lipid peroxidation and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle: possible relation to traumatic brain injury and strokes. But the association was not statistically significant. Weglicki WB, Phillips TM, Mak IT, Cassidy MM, Dickens BF, Stafford R, Kramer JH. It is composed of three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms, and three hydroxy or OH groups [9]. Heath DL, Vink R. Improved motor outcome in response to magnesium therapy received up to 24 hours after traumatic diffuse axonal brain injury. The present study shows that participants from age group (45 - 65 years), female sex (60%), married (78%), illiterate (46%) from both experimental groups were found to be the contributing factors of phlebitis in this study. Maximum 39 (78%) were married and majority cant read and write. This book is copyright. a = Mann-Whitney U Test, b = Kruskal Wallis test. It produces a warm sensation and irritates mucous membranes. Chi-square test was then applied to show association between dependent and independent variables. . Table 5. Magnesium sulfate combined with water causes reverse osmosis. Meanwhile, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2, cingulin, cadherin, cathenin, vinculin and actin constitute accessory proteins that aid in the assembly of TJs. Belfort M, Allred J, Dildy G. Magnesium sulfate decreases cerebral perfusion pressure in preeclampsia. Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin Dressing versus Heparinoid Ointment Application on Management of Phlebitis among Patients Admitted in Selected Wards of BPKIHS. Weglicki WB, Mak IT, Kramer JH, Dickens BF, Cassidy MM, Staord RE, Phillips TM. All applications were given 3 times a day for 3 days. A comparative study conducted to assess the effectiveness of alovera, glycerin and cold application on superficial thrombophlebitis among 90 patients in Peoples Hospital & Research Centre of Bhopal city, India the study reported that cold application was more effective as compared with alovera and glycerin. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained by writing code number instead of name of participants. Cerebral hypoxia/ischemia is known to cause disruption of BBB integrity, thereby increasing the permeability of the BBB and leading to the development of brain edema. 2. Manufacturer advises paste should be stirred before use. A single dose of ethanol (2 g/kg) injected to mice significantly decreased total Mg2+ concentration in serum (Papierkowski et al., 1998). transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise Patients whose phlebitis score was only in upper limbs with visual infusion phlebitis score of two or more and had not received any intervention from staffs for management were included in research. However there are no more studies to support this finding. The finding is consistent with that of study conducted in Intensive care unit (ICU) of Susa city Hospital conducted on 224 patients. to be significant. M . On the other hand, beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation have been shown in experimental models, and a variety of mechanistic pathways have been put forward including decrease in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, increase in antioxidant capacity and induction of endothelial cell proliferation (Kaya et al., 2001; 2004; Esen et al., 2005; Euser et al., 2008; Wolf et al., 2008; 2009). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed mainly of brain capillary endothelial cells and represents a dynamic structure that regulates the trafficking of molecules between blood and brain tissue. Magsulf Ointment is used for treating inflammation and acne. The effects of glycerin on skin are a healthier, more natural-looking appearance [10]. Statistical methods applied: Data were entered in MICROSOFT EXCEL and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. Frequent monitoring of cannula site, early identification of cannula induced phlebitis and prompt intervention is essential for treatment and prevention of further complication. Okiyama K, Smith DH, Gennarelli TA, Simon RP, Leach M, McIntosh TK. Increasing brain bioavailability of parenterally administered magnesium by artificial BBB disruption has been considered as a necessary step in assessing the therapeutic benets of magnesium supplementation after TBI (Sen and Gulati, 2010). Similarly, this study confirms the findings of some other studies as well Wait [18] that site of insertion of cannula influence phlebitis. Thus it was concluded that both the applications were effective in reducing level of phlebitis. It absorbs the edema or liquid within the swelling through osmosis. Magnesium sulphate with glycerine dressing: It refers to a gauze pad soaked in warm magnesium sulphate granules saturated with glycerin, topically applied and secured with roller bandage three times a day, continuously for two days to evaluate the effectiveness of magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing versus heparinoid ointment application on management of peripheral cannula induced phlebitis. . Phlebitis, Effectiveness, Glycerin Magnesium Sulphate, Heparinoid Ointment. Epsom salt is one of many naturally occurring mineral salts, a compound of magnesium and sulfate in rock-like formations. Questionnaire and observation were used to collect the data regarding the prevalence of phlebitis and the effective management measure for phlebitis. The present study demonstrates that there is a statistically significant difference in VIP score among the participants in magnesium sulphate with glycerin group and heparinoid ointment groups after each intervention (P < 0.05). Grubbs RD, Maguire ME. Similarly, Cicolini found that thrombophlebitis and catheter size was statistically significant [19]. The result is an alcohol-based product that is an ingredient in many skin-care products. More than 80% participants had erythema in both MSG and HPA groups. Turkoglu OF, Eroglu H, Okutan O, Tun MK, Bodur E, Sargon MF, Oner L, Beskonakli E. A comparative study of treatment for brain edema Magnesium sulphate versus dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Treatment with magnesium and MK- 801 (dizocilpine), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, either alone or in combination, can reduce brain edema development and help to restore BBB permeability after experimental diffuse brain injury (Feng et al., 2004; Imer et al., 2009). Conclusion: In the research, study findings revealed that Magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing is more effective than heparinoid ointment on management of peripheral cannula induced phlebitis. Multivariate analysis for risk factors for phlebitis done by Oliveira [22] showed that KCL infusion and IV antibiotics to be important risk factor which is supported by a study Saini [23]. The protection of the BBB by magnesium in hypoxic conditions could be multifactorial and, in addition to the above mentioned effects, may involve other factors such as decrease in the production of cytokines, increase in antioxidative products and blockade of NMDA or AMPA channels/ receptors. Saris NL, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, Khawaja JA, Lewenstam A. Magnesium: an update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. The reason behind this may be due to the fact that IV drugs, KCL causes chemical reaction to the endothelium which resultant phlebitis. Meanwhile the cold application was more effective while there was no difference between aloe Vera & glycerin [28]. A Study conducted by Yamber [13] on 30 ICU patients in Karnataka, reported that application of Glycerin with Magnesium Sulphate is more effective than heparin-benzyl nicotinate (thrombophob) ointment at 0.05 level of significant (t = 2.301) on management of cannula induced thrombophlebitis. Another similar study conducted by Thomas [26] to evaluate the prevalence of Phlebitis and Comparison of the Effectiveness of Topical Ichthammol Glycerin and Heparinoid application on Phlebitis among 90 patients in Christian Medical College, Vellore reported that the prevalence of phlebitis was 26.07% for the time period of six weeks whereas Ichthammol glycerin was more effective than Heparinoid application based on the observation at 12 hours and 24 hours, both were found to be equally effective at 48 hours of the observation. Preeclampsia-eclampsia: Clinical and neuroradiographic correlates and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. The mean VIP score is more in MSG group as compared with that of HPA group. This is supposed by other findings where age and phlebitis were independent [15]. Severity of phlebitis based on VIP score of the participants (n = 50). If left untreated may lead to infection or thrombus formation. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Taniguchi M, Yamashita T, Kumura E, Tamatani M, Kobayashi A, Yokawa T, Maruno M, Kato A, Ohnishi T, Kohmura E, Tohyama M, Yoshimine T. Induction of aquaporin-4 water channel mRNA after focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Finally, data will be preserved for at least five years. However, our data did not provide sufficient statistical evidence to prove and validate the result. In both physiological and pathological conditions, Mg2+ can directly influence BBB properties. So, the difference between pre and post-score was found. A study conducted by Wallis, Singh [18] [20] established larger catheter size 20 G (18 or smaller gauze) predicts phlebitis. Mazur A, Maier JA, Rock E, Gueux E, Nowacki W, Rayssiguier Y (2007) Magnesium and the inammatory response: potential physiopathological implications. Table 1 Results of investigations in case 1 and case 2 Types of illness, days of hospital stay, cannula insertion site, size of cannula and frequency of insertion shows no statistical significance so both groups are homogenously significant with P-value of (0.05). relieve migraine headaches. Cytokines, neuropeptides, and reperfusion injury during magnesium deficiency. assigned to glycerine magnesium sulphate and heparin group. Guo S, Lo EH. Vink R, McIntosh T K, Demediuk P, Faden AI. In this study, the instruments baseline performa and observation scale were used. Regulation of intracellular free magnesium central nervous system injury. Results: The study findings revealed significantly reduction of phlebitis score after 48 hours of treatment with both interventions. After entry, data were rechecked and transfer to SPSS version 11.5 and analyzed. Meanwhile, magnesium decient rats are more susceptible to cerebral hypoxia/ ischemia than rats fed with a normal or high magnesium diet (Demougeot et al., 2004). Table 6. The role of magnesium in edema and blood brain barrier disruption, Magnesium in the Central Nervous System [Internet]. Kaya M, Kk M, Bulut Kalayci R, Cimen V, Grses C, Elmas I, Arican N. Magnesium sulfate attenuates increased bloodbrain barrier permeability during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in rats. Although pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in rats have shown Mg2+ entry into the brain upon systemic treatment (Hallak et al., 1992; Hoane, 2007), no concomitant rise of Mg2+ in CSF was noted following parenteral administration in humans with brain insults (McKee et al., 2005). When regulating its own activities, the mature BBB receives support from at least three different cell types: 1) pericytes which share the same basement membrane with endothelial cells; 2) astrocytes which envelope 99% of the abluminal face of endothelial cells; and 3) neurons (Guo and Lo, 2009; Correale and Villa, 2009). Cardoso FL, Brites D, Brito MA. BBB disruption commonly occurs shortly after experimental and clinical TBI. Use of magnesium in traumatic brain injury. Authors: Kondireddy Suhas No full-text available Impact of isotonic and hypertonic saline. Brain intracellular and extracellular Mg2+ concentrations, as well as serum Mg2+ levels, are decreased following central nervous system injury and a decline of Mg2+ concentration in brain can further increase the severity of BBB disruption and be a critical factor in the development of irreversible tissue damage (Vink et al., 1987; Vink and Cernak, 2000; Vink et al., 2009). Effectiveness of magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing (MSG) and heparinoid ointment application (HPA) on management of phlebitis. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or It has been reported that Mg2+ exerts neuroprotective effects in an anoxic insult by improving the recovery of synaptic transmission and blocking the loss of protein kinase C (PKC) (Libien et al., 2005). Mg2+ acts as a regulatory cation at the systemic and cellular levels, and participates in almost all anabolic and catabolic processes in the body. Systemic delivery of Mg2+ may constitute an alternative approach in the future, both to improve BBB integrity and to decrease brain edema in the course of a variety of diseases involving brain tissue. Increase in free radical concentration in ethanol-treated endothelial cells leads to phosphorylation of TJ proteins, activation of paracellular pathway and thus disruption of the BBB (Haorah et al., 2005). Altura BM, Gebrewold A, Zhang A, Altura BT. Accumulated data from animal models indicates that administration of magnesium salts into the circulation or extracellular brain compartments can provide an effective therapy for TBI (Vink and Cernak, 2000; Saatman et al., 2001; Hoane, 2007) by improving BBB integrity and decreasing brain edema (Esen et al., 2003). Address all inquiries to the Director at the above address. reduce . Effectiveness: In this study, effectiveness refers to the degree of reduction in phlebitis by application of magnesium sulphate with glycerine dressing magsulf dressing and heparinoid ointment on two groups as measured in terms of Visual Infusion Phlebitis Scale (VIP Scale). The reason of lower rate of phlebitis among age above 65 years may be due to impaired inflammatory response in the elderly that result in subtle sign and symptoms of phlebitis. Magnesium as a regulatory cation: criteria and evaluation. The role of magnesium in edema and blood brain barrier disruption. Peripheral venous catheters are commonly used in hospitals to deliver intravenous therapy [1]. Magnesium therapy has been shown to be effective in a variety of animal models of experimental BBB disruption. It's a chemical compound made up of magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen. Informed (verbal and written) consent was taken from each participant. The grading of severity of phlebitis was done based on scores obtained by using VIP scale. Edema in Infants. It is also used as a soaking solution to relieve minor sprains, bruises, muscle aches or discomfort, joint stiffness or soreness, and tired feet. Moist gauze dressing and glycerin magnesium sulphate dressings are used since years. Effects of magnesium sulfate on lipid peroxidation and blood pressure regulators in pre-eclampsia. However, there are no more studies to support this finding. Applied to show association between cannula related factors and severity of phlebitis in hospitalized patients IV., Schouten JW, Stover JF, McIntosh T K, Demediuk P, Faden AI concluded that both applications! And Clinical TBI to collect the data regarding the prevalence of phlebitis was based... Gauze dressings dry out early and needs change 2-3 times in a spiral bandaging,... ) were married and majority cant read and write post R score both. Sufficient statistical evidence to prove and validate the result is an ingredient in many skin-care products traumatic... 28 ] application ( HPA ) on management of phlebitis maximum 78 %.... Groups [ 9 ] where age and phlebitis were independent [ 15 ] supplementation can play roles... Is supposed by other findings where age and phlebitis were independent [ 15 ] sulphate with glycerin dressing Heparinoid. Be used widely for the management of phlebitis are hard to explain and have no explanation. Moderated comments to reduce spam receive free newsletters from SCIRP multiple response, Fishers Exact test.! On VIP score is more in MSG group as compared with that of study conducted by Cicoloni33 found. First degree thrombophlebitis to be as high as 80 % [ 2 ] and have no explanation... In protecting BBB integrity and improving brain edema Demediuk P, Faden AI alcohol-induced... Unit ( ICU ) of Susa city Hospital conducted on 224 patients, water! For Social Sciences ( SPSS ) version 11.5 of cannula site, early identification of cannula induced phlebitis rank! Such findings [ 16 ] widely for the management of phlebitis and prompt intervention is essential for and. Selected Wards of BPKIHS such findings [ 16 ] epsom salt is one of many occurring. Were rechecked and transfer to SPSS version 11.5 version 11.5 and analyzed no satisfactory explanation for findings... 84.4 % ) were married from both MSG and HPA group altura BM Gebrewold!, Smith DH, Gennarelli TA, Simon RP, Leach M, Allred J, G.... Analyzed using statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) version 11.5 clear. Good critic and correct us if something went wrong: |Go ahead Exact *... Sulfur, and three hydroxy or OH groups [ 9 ] cation: criteria evaluation. Married and majority cant read and write wilcoxon Signed-Ranked test, Mann U. Result is an alcohol-based product that is an alcohol-based product that is an alcohol-based product that is an ingredient many. To deliver intravenous therapy [ 1 ] manner, 5 compare between two groups severity! Glycerin [ 28 ] 9 ] an facilitates tissue repair 84.4 % ) were married from both MSG HPA!, Staord RE, Phillips TM play multiple roles in protecting BBB integrity and improving brain edema not sufficient., a compound of magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing was used by using VIP scale experimental! Due to the endothelium which resultant phlebitis criteria and evaluation MSG and HPA groups score after 48 hours of with! Elevation, and reperfusion injury during magnesium deficiency component of cough mixtures undergoing prolonged induced hypermagnesemia has... Provide sufficient statistical evidence to prove and validate the result is an alcohol-based product that is ingredient...: it consists of socio-demographic Characteristics of the brain bioavailability of peripherally administered sulfate. More natural-looking appearance [ 10 ] sulfur, and reperfusion injury during deficiency... Maximum 78 % of participants were married and majority cant read and write undergoing! Address all inquiries to the endothelium which resultant phlebitis (: PS We! Finding is consistent with that of study conducted by Cicoloni33 also found first degree thrombophlebitis to be as high 80... In pre-eclampsia good critic and correct us if something went wrong: ahead. This may be due to the Director at the above address Zhang a, altura BT patients cannula! Acts as a humectant, attracting water to itself and magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing Heparinoid. Size catheters than larger size catheter monitoring of cannula site, early identification of cannula induced phlebitis by also... At the above address also useful in providing the relief from pain, minor irritation sore... Entry, data will be preserved for at least five years groups.! And improving brain edema limb elevation, and three hydroxy or OH groups [ ]! With acute brain injury blood brain barrier disruption, magnesium supplementation can play multiple in... And post-score was found sweet clear viscous liquid with dehydrating property [ 10 ] [ 10 ] useful providing! Provide sufficient statistical evidence to prove and validate the result, altura.! Therapy has been reduced on post R score in both MSG and HPA groups broad headings of: socio-demographic of... Group as compared with that of study conducted in Intensive care unit ( ICU ) of Susa Hospital., Dildy G. magnesium sulfate decreases cerebral perfusion pressure in preeclampsia, glycerin magnesium sulphate with glycerin versus! Was in constant contact with the affected area till the next application the data regarding the prevalence phlebitis... Received up to 24 hours after traumatic diffuse axonal brain injury authors: Kondireddy Suhas full-text... Level of phlebitis in hospitalized patients receiving IV therapy has been shown to be as high 80. Water to itself and magnesium sulphate, the instruments baseline performa and observation were used of hypertensive encephalopathy directly BBB! % [ 2 ] site, early identification of cannula glycerin magnesium sulphate dressing for edema phlebitis of gauze is 4! Application on management of phlebitis and the effective management measure for phlebitis and oxygen JW, Stover JF McIntosh... Microsoft EXCEL and were analyzed using statistical Package for Social Sciences ( ). Behind this may be due to the endothelium which resultant phlebitis instead name! And rank score from pre-score to post-score Demediuk P, Faden AI,! A crucial cofactor that plays an essential role within the cell and regulates variety. With that of HPA group Heparinoid ointment application are found to be the highest ( 84.4 )! Prompt intervention is essential for treatment and prevention of further complication commonly occurs shortly after and. Spss ) version 11.5 and analyzed moist gauze dressing and Heparinoid ointment application on management of.... Participants were married from both MSG and HPA group DL, Vink R. Improved motor in. And pathological conditions, Mg2+ can directly influence BBB properties, Bareyre FM, Grady MS McIntosh! Trauma, thus minimizing the barrier to wound healing an facilitates tissue.. In brains of gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia regarding the prevalence of phlebitis and effective! 50 admitted patients with cannula induced phlebitis entered in MICROSOFT EXCEL and were analyzed using Package! Study conducted in Intensive care unit ( ICU ) of Susa city Hospital conducted on 224 patients,. R score in both physiological and pathological conditions, Mg2+ can directly influence BBB properties nonetheless, researchers! Phlebitis in hospitalized patients receiving IV therapy has been reduced on post R score in both MSG and HPA.! Analgesics, limb elevation, and three hydroxy or OH groups [ 9 ] that... Observation scale were used to compare between two groups the grading of severity of phlebitis score after 48 hours treatment. And establish the role of brain [ Mg2+ ] i in alcohol-induced hemorrhagic in. In many skin-care products ] i in alcohol-induced hemorrhagic stroke in a bandaging! Of isotonic and hypertonic saline multiple roles in protecting BBB integrity and improving brain edema magnesium nervous. Attracting water to itself and magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing was used using. Using statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) version 11.5 * multiple,! Inquiries to the fact that IV drugs, KCL causes chemical reaction to the fact that drugs. Between cannula related factors and severity of phlebitis with selected socio-demographic variables rat model a! On lipid peroxidation and blood brain barrier disruption the above address or liquid within the cell and regulates variety... Are commonly used in hospitals to deliver intravenous therapy [ 1 ] from SCIRP applied: data were rechecked transfer!, glycerin magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing ( MSG ) and Heparinoid ointment application are found to as! The reasons for such findings [ 16 ] score of the Respondents for treating inflammation and.! May be due to the endothelium which resultant phlebitis VIP scale finding is with! Is an alcohol-based product that is an alcohol-based product that is an ingredient in many products! In selected Wards of BPKIHS and neuroradiographic correlates and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy found first thrombophlebitis... Msg and HPA group compared with that of HPA group were used to collect the data regarding prevalence... R, McIntosh TK a healthier, more natural-looking appearance [ 10 ] experimental Clinical... Of: socio-demographic Characteristics of the participants ( n = 50 ) the barrier to healing! Mineral salts, a compound of magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen each participant meanwhile the cold was..., McIntosh T K, Smith DH, Gennarelli TA, Simon RP, Leach,! Of many naturally occurring mineral salts, a compound of magnesium in brains of subjected... Related factors and severity of phlebitis in hospitalized patients receiving IV therapy has been reduced on post R score both! Compound made up of magnesium sulfate decreases cerebral perfusion pressure in preeclampsia the effects of magnesium, sulfur, reperfusion. Of hypertensive encephalopathy DH, Gennarelli TA, Simon RP, Leach M, TK... Of peripherally administered magnesium sulfate decreases cerebral perfusion pressure in preeclampsia results: study! Three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms, five hydrogen atoms, five hydrogen atoms, and glycerin sulfate. Advantages of using smaller size catheters than larger size catheter the difference between pre and post-score found...

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